Reading and Writing

BOLIVAR   STATE  UNIVERSITY
              Faculty: Science of the Education

Student:  Sara Calero 

Career: English

 Cycle: Sixth

Teacher: Lcdo. Mideros Pazmiño

Subject: Reading and Wrinting  

Date: 20/01/ 2015

Animal Language
 

OSome people say that human  beings are the only animals that have language, ¿It is true?, A person must have a good definition of language, different kinds of animals must be studied, Some animals certainly seem to have a communication system that may or  not be a language, for example: the bee has ways of telling other bees about food. 

OBees are very animals which fly through the air to look for flowers for food. Bees have been studied by Karl von Frisch who won a Novel Prize  about bees’ activities when they returned to their home called a hive, when a bee found some food it returned to the hive and danced.

O first.- The dance was the way the bee communicated to other bees the fact that

 it had found food, and bees

 do two kinds of dances to tell

 other bees of their discovery

 of food, the bee moves in a

 circle inside the hive, and

the food not be more than

 ten meters away.

 

 

OSecond.- kind of dance done by bees is a tail-wagging dance,  as wiggles the end of its body as it moves in  a straight line, the tail-wagging dance is used when the food is far away of ten meters, and the bee dance wiggles shows the direction that must fly in to find the food.

OThe smell tells them

 what kind of flower to

look for, after watching

 the round tail-wagging

 dance and smelling

 that has found the food

OKarl von Frisch  did an experiment with bees, put a food source very high above the bee hive, the bee returned to the hive and did the round dance.

 

ODolphins, like bees, the scientist have not studied the dolphin as carefully as they have studied the bee. A few  experiments with dolphin has been studied because its general behavior is much like that of  human.

OThe dolphin has three kinds of calls or noises to tell other dolphin about food, danger, or other things.

ØMonkeys  are very intelligent and similar to humans,  and more difficult to decide whether monkeys  have language.

ØBecause of this similarity, some scientists in the late 1940, tried to teach a monkey named Viki to talk, and after year Viki could only say a few words.

ØProblem with this experiment is that monkeys do not  have the same kind of mouth and throat as humans.

OOther scientists tried to teach a monkey named Washoe to use a sign language, words are not spoken. Instead, signs are made with hands. It seemed to be a better kind of language to teach to a monkey, after two years, Washoe could make thirty-four signs with her hands. For example, she could put three fingers next to her ear as a sign for her name, another, she could also use the sign for «come here», putting her arm out, and bending it back toward herself.

OA thrid group of scientist have been working with a monkey named Lana in the past few years. Lana is being studied at the Yerkes Primate research Center in the U.S.

OThe scientists who are working with Lana are studying her ability to make sentence by pressing symbols on a computer board,

OLana may ask the computer to give her food, water, or toys.

OLana has learned to use the nearly 100 

symbols on the computer board.

EXERCISES

1.Describe the bees’ communication system in general.

The bees’ communication system is extremely interesting, each can tell all the other bees where to look for food.

For example, The bee has ways of telling other bees about  food.

2. Explain the difference  between the bees’ round dance and their tail- wagging dance.

ØThe bee wiggles the end of its body as it moves in a straight line, and shows the direction that the bees must fly in to find the food.

ØThe tail-wagging dance is used when the food is far away

3. How are the two dances similiar?

ØThere is a round dance, the bee moves in a circle inside the hive.

ØThe round dance is used when food is close by.

4. Describe von Frisch’s experiment with the bees.

He put a food source very high above the bee hive, and put a bee into the food,the bee returned to the hive and did the round dance.

 

5.Why have dolphins been studied by scientists?

The dolphin has been studied, because its general behavior is much like that of human.

6. Why was the experiment with the monkey named Viki a   failure?

ØBecause of this similarity some scientist in the late 1940 tried to teach a monkey named Viki to talk.

ØPart of the problem with this experiment is that monkeys do not have the same kind of mounth and throat as humans.

7. What special abilities did Washoe have?

ØWashoe have special abilities  a to use a sign language, words are not spoken, it seemed to be a better kind of language to teach to a monkey.

ØAfter two years, Washoe could make thirty.four signs with her hand

8. Describe the work that has been done with Lana.

ØThe scientists who are working with Lana are studying her ability to make sentences.

ØLana may ask the computer to give her food, water, or toys.

ØLana has also shown that different word orders have

  different meanings for her.

Give two definitions of language.

ØThis definition is  used, then bees, dolphins, monkeys all have a language, but language may be defined of different way.

ØThen bees, dolphins do not have a language, but monkeys are clearly able to combine symbols in a human language, that they have been taught.

10. Have humans been helped by animal language experimentals? How?

ØThey are interesting because they may help us learn language, the system used to teach Washoe has helped some humans to learn language.

ØThese experiments are a help to  humans.

TELEVISION

Most people in the United States watch TV, even though they complain about television sometimes.

They will inform  you and   excite you. By watching TV, you can hear the latest news from all over the world, and you  can learn  about new  developments in science, art, literature, and  technology.

You can watch sports on TV. You can watch the Olympics, or a local sports event. Finally, in some places, it is possible to go to school by watching television.

There are special classes on TV for high school and college students.  A person may get a good education at home. These are some of the reasons for watching TV.

•Many people like to watch special events on TV.

•Example:

•watched the landing of the astronauts on the moon. A second kind of program that many people like to watch is called a talk show. On this kind of show, one person interviews   several famous people. In the conversations, you can learn many interesting things about important people in theater, politics, sports, and other fields. A third kind of program that many people like to watch is a program in a foreign language.

•There are some TV channels which broadcast all of their programs there in Spanish, French, or some other language.

•EXAMPLE:

 These programs are watches by many people who speak those languages. Students who are studying foreign languages sometimes watch these programs to learn the language better.

•In spite of the fact that there are different kinds of programs, many people are concerned about television. One area they are concerned about is programing.

One result of this concern was “family viewing time” many people did not like that fact that there were violent TV shows  in the early evening. They felt that many children watched these programs, and as a result the children thought that violence is a good way to solve problems.

In the United States, most noncommercial TV stations are educational stations. An example o this kind of station is WKAR-TV, in lasing Michigan, which is sponsored by Michigan State University. This station also has no advertisements, and has many programs which are entertaining as well as educational.

EXERCISES

1.Why the people in the United States Watch television?

Even though they complain about television sometimes. It is fun to watch TV.

2.What kind information can you get from TV?

By watching TV, you can hear the latest news from all over the world.

3.List two other things you can see on TV.

You can watch sports on TV. You can watch the Olympics, or a local sports event.

4.Describe one type of program on American TV. 

Often important political and social events can be watched the landing on TV while they are happening.

5.Discuss the American concern with programming.

One result of this concern was “family viewing time” many people did not like that fact that there were violent TV shows  in the early evening.

6.Why do Americans complain about TV advertising?

Because They felt that many children watched these programs, and as a result the children thought that violence is a good way to solve problems.

OPEN EDUCATION

When people give their opinión about something, they give their feelings about the subject. In an opinión, a person says either that he or she likes an idea  or thing, or she or he does not like it, and says why. This essay gives an opinión about open education. First, a definition of open education will be given. Then, some of the good things about open education and some of the bad things about open education will be described. And then, an opinión will be given. You may agree with the opinión, or not. You may agree with the opinión partly. You will have your own opinión.

This look at open education has two parts. The first part has to do with how the teacher feels about the students. The second part has to do with what the teacher does in the classroom. Each part of the definition can be explained by comparing open education with traditional education.

In traditional education, the teacher may feel that the students are not very grown up. Usually, teachers are older than students, and teachers feel that students are young and do not know very much about the world. The teachers feel that they must tell the students what to do mast of the time, and that they must make the students study specific things. In open education, the teacher’s feelings are very different. These teachers feel that the students are individuals first, and students second. They expect the students to be responsible for the things that they do, just as adults are. A student’s ideas and feelings are just as important as the teacher’s. The teacher allows the students to decide what they want to do, and does not make them study specific subjects or things. The teacher lets them decide what to study and how much to study. It is very important for the teacher to show how he or she feels about the students.

The second part of the idea of open education has to do with what the teacher does in the classroom. In the tradicional classroom, the students are cold what to do. There is a list of things that the students must do to finish the class. There are rules made by the teacher that the student must follow, even if the student sees no reason for the rules. In open education, the teacher allows the students to choose what to do. They may study, or talk, or do nothing at all if they want to. There are no specific things for the students to do. There are no traditional rules made by the teacher. The only rules in an open classroom are rules for everyone’s safety. The students are allowed to discover subjects in the open classroom, instead of being made to study them. Open education is a really complex idea.

There are some very good things about open education. This way of teaching allows the students to grow as people and to develop their own interests in many subjects. Open education allows students to be responsible for their own education, as they are responsible for what they do in life. Some students do badly in a traditional classroom. The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning. Some students will be happier in an open education school. They will not have to worry about grades or rules. For students who worry about these things a lot, it is a good idea to be  in an open classroom.

But many students will not do well in an open classroom. For some students, there are too few rules. These students will do little in school. They will not make good use of open education. Because open education is so different  from traditional education, these students may have a problem getting used to making so many choices. For many students it is important to have some rules in the classroom. They worry about the rules even when there are no rules. Even a few rules will help this kind of student. The last point about open education is that some traditional teachers do not like it. Many teachers do not believe in open education. Teachers who want to have an open classroom may have many problems at their schools.

You now know what open education is. Some of its good points and bad points have been explained. You may have your own opinión about open education. The writer thinks that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. In actual fact, it may not work very well in a real class or school. The writer believes that most students, but of course not all students, want some structure in their classes. They want and need to have rules. In some cases, they must be made to study some subjects. Many students are pleased to find subjects they have to study interesting. They would not study those subjects if they did not have to.

Some of the ideas of open education can be applied very easily. The teacher’s feelings about the students can be changed in any kind  of class. The teacher’s, feelings are important to the students. The teacher can apply some of the ideas of open education to a class easily. But changing the way the classroom is run is more difficult to do.

The writer thinks that some of the ideas of open education are very good, but that some are not good, and that it is hard to do some of the things open education suggests. Several ideas of open  education as a different way of teaching students and a different way of running a class have been given. Some of the good and bad points about open education have been mentioned. The author has given one opinión about open education. What is your opinión?

EXERCISES

Comprebension

1_ What is an opinión?

2_ Define open education.

3_  Explain two ways that open education is different from traditional education.

4_ Why is open education a good idea?

5_ what kinds of students do well in open education?

6_ What kinds of students do badly in open education?

7_ Name some other problems of open education.

8_ What does the author think of open education? Why?

9_ Why is it hard to apply the ideas of open education?

10_ What ideas of open education may be easy to apply?

 
Animal Languege 

Some people say that human beings are the only animals that have language.

Is this true

Some animals certainly seem to have a communication system. For example

The bee has ways of telling other bees about food.

The dolphin a kind of fish, has ways of giving information to other dolphins. 

The monkey, an animal that is similar to humans in many ways, can use a human language sytetem.

HOWEVER

Does this mean animals  have language?

We will study each of these animals to try to answer this question.

Bees are very small animals which fly through the air to look for flowers for food.

Been have been studied by Karl von Frish who was a Nobel  Prize for his work.

He studied bees’ activities when they returned to their home called a hive.

When a bee found some food it returned to the hive and danced.

The dance was the way the bee communicated to other bees the fact that it had found food.

Bees do two kinds of dances to tell other bees of their discovery of food.

First, there is a round dance. In this dance, the bee moves in a circle inside the hive.

The round dance is used when food is close by. The bees also smell the bee that has found the round dance and smelling the bee that has found the food the other bees can find the food source.   

A second kind of dance done by the bees is a tail- wagging dance. In this dance, the bee wiggles the end of its body as it moves in a straight line the tail- wagging dance is used when the food is for away the bees’ communication system is extremely interesting.

 

Karl von frish did an experiment with bees He put a food source very high above the bee hive, and put a bee into the food.

The bee returned to the hive and did the round dance but none of the other bees could find the food this suggests that bees do not really have a language. One bee could not tell the other bees the height of the food. One bee could not communicate this new information to the others.

The dolphins, has three kinds of call or noises to tell other dolphins about food danger or their things.  

Monkeys are very intelligent and similar to humans. Because of this similarity some scientists in the late 1940’s tried to teach a monkey named VIKI to talk.

After a year, VIKI  could, only say a few words.

Part of the problem with this experiment is monkeys do not have the some kind of mouth and throat as humans experiment with Viki did not work well.

In the mid- 1960’s other scientists tried to teach a monkey named Washoe to use a sign language. In a sign language, words are not spoken. Instead, signs are made with the hands. Many people who cannot speak or hear use this sign language.

After two years, Washoe could make thirty four signs with her hands for example, she could put three fingers next to her ear as a signs for her name Washoe. She could also use the signs for “came here” she could also do two other things

First, she combined signs to make sentences. 

Second, she used one sign for all things of one kind, generalizing her use of the sign.    

A third group of scientist have been working with a monkey named LANA in the past few years.

Lana is being studied at the Yerkes primate Research center in the United States the scents who are working with Lana are studying her ability to make sentences. She makes sentences by pressing symbols on a computer board

Lana may ask computer to give her food, water or toys, Lana has learned to use the nearly 100 symbols on the computer board Lana has also show that different word order have different  meanings for her.     

Exercise comprehension

1)Describe the bees’ communication in general.

2)Explain the different between the bee’ round dance and their tail-wagging dance.

3)How are the two dances similar?

4)Describe von fresh's experiment with the bees.

5)Why have dolphins been studied by scientists?

6)What special abilities did Washoe have? 

7)Describe the work that has been done with Lana.

8)Give two definitions of language.

9)Have humans been helped by animal language experiments? How?